| Type of microorganism |
Bacterium |
| Microorganism name |
Cupriavidus necator
|
| Temperature range |
Optimal temperarture of 30°C (Ismail et al., 2024)
|
| pH range |
Optimal pH of 7 (Ismail et al., 2024)
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
0.21/hour (Ismail et al., 2024)
|
| Companies (product) |
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
|
| Protein content in final product |
78% in Solein
|
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
|
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
|
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
NA |
| Scale |
Lab scale, pilot scale and industrial scale (Solein) |
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
Two step microfiltration, followed by pasteurization and water removal (Vlaeminck et al., 2023)
|
| Nucleic acid content |
8-11% (Ismail et al., 2024)
|
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
Feed & food sector |
| Advantages |
Rich in proteins, all amino acids present. |
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
No regulatory framework yet in Europe and US. Low levels of sulfur containing amnio acids |
| Regulatory status in Europe |
Solein applied for Novel Food Status, did not get it yet.
|
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
|
| Extra/remark |
Mostly used for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (Morlino et al., 2023)
|
| Publications/references |
-
Ismail, S., Giacinti, G., Raynaud, C. D., Cameleyre, X., Alfenore, S., Guillouet, S., & Gorret, N. (2024). Impact of the environmental parameters on single cell protein production and composition by Cupriavidus necator. Journal of Biotechnology, 388, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.009
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Yang, X., Xu, M., Zou, R., Angelidaki, I., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Microbial protein production from CO2, H2, and recycled nitrogen: Focusing on ammonia toxicity and nitrogen sources. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125921
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Chee, J. Y., Lakshmanan, M., Jeepery, I. F., Hairudin, N. H. M., & Sudesh, K. (2019). The Potential Application of Cupriavidus necator as Polyhydroxyalkanoates Producer and Single Cell Protein: A Review on Scientific, Cultural and Religious Perspectives. Applied Food Biotechnology, 6(1), 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/afb.v%vi%i.22234
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Vlaeminck, E., Uitterhaegen, E., Quataert, K., Delmulle, T., Kontovas, S., Misailidis, N., Ferreira, R. G., Petrides, D., De Winter, K., & Soetaert, W. K. (2023). Single-Cell Protein Production from Industrial Off-Gas through Acetate: Techno-Economic Analysis for a Coupled Fermentation Approach. Fermentation, 9(8), 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080771
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Fu, S., Gou, L., Long, K., Chen, L., Cai, D., & Lu, Y. (2025). A Strategy for the Production of Single-Cell Proteins by the Efficient and Continuous Fermentation of Hydroxide Bacteria Under Gas Fermentation. Applied Sciences, 15(2), 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020540
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Calloway, D. H., & Kumar, A. M. (1969). Protein Quality of the Bacterium Hydrogenomonas eutropha. Applied Microbiology, 17(1), 176–178. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.17.1.176-178.1969
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Kunasundari, B., Murugaiyah, V., Kaur, G., Maurer, F. H. J., & Sudesh, K. (2013). Revisiting the Single Cell Protein Application of Cupriavidus necator H16 and Recovering Bioplastic Granules Simultaneously. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e78528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078528
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Morlino, M. S., García, R. S., Savio, F., Zampieri, G., Morosinotto, T., Treu, L., & Campanaro, S. (2023). Cupriavidus necator as a platform for polyhydroxyalkanoate production: An overview of strains, metabolism, and modeling approaches. Biotechnology Advances, 69, 108264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108264
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